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Must good deeds be rewarded and wrongdoers punished? Would God be unjust if He failed to punish and reward? And what is it about good or evil actions and moral identity that might generate such necessities? These were some of the vital religious and philosophical questions that eighth- and ninth-century Mu'tazilite theologians and their sophisticated successors attempted to answer, giving rise to a distinctive ethical position and one of the most prominent and controversial intellectual trends in medieval Islam. The Mu'tazilites developed a view of ethics whose distinguishing features were its austere moral objectivism and the crucial role it assigned to reason in the knowledge of moral truths. Central to this ethical vision was the notion of moral desert, and of the good and evil consequences--reward or punishment--deserved through a person's acts. Moral Agents and Their Deserts is the first book-length study of this central theme in Mu'tazilite ethics, and an attempt to grapple with the philosophical questions it raises. At the same time, it is a bid to question the ways in which modern readers, coming to medieval Islamic thought with a philosophical interest, seek to read and converse with Mu'tazilite theology. Moral Agents and Their Deserts tracks the challenges and rewards involved in the pursuit of the right conversation at the seams between modern and medieval concerns.

Islamic ethics. --- Motazilites. --- Muslim ethics --- Religious ethics --- Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects

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Motazilites. --- Islam and reason. --- Islam --- Judaism --- Doctrines. --- Jewish theology --- Theology, Jewish --- Dogma, Islamic --- Islamic theology --- Kalam --- Muslim theology --- Theology, Islamic --- Theology, Muslim --- Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects

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The importance of Zaydī sources for historical research on Muʿtazilī theology is generally acknowledged since the spectacular discoveries of unique manuscripts in Yemen in the 1950s. Yet the knowledge transfer and adoption of Muʿtazilī thought by the Yemeni Zaydiyya still remain an understudied field. Al-Ḥasan ar-Raṣṣāṣ (d. 1188) was one of the main promoters of Muʿtazilism in 6th/12th century Yemen. His works mainly focus on natural philosophy and include a systematic treatise on causality which is comprehensively examined and critically edited in this volume. The present study gives insight into a fascinating chapter of Islamic intellectual history and offers the first analysis of a Muʿtazilī theory of causality. Die Bedeutung zayditischer Quellen für die Erforschung muʿtazilitischer Theologie ist spätestens seit der spektakulären Wiederentdeckung einzigartiger Handschriften im Jemen der 1950er Jahre allgemein anerkannt. Dennoch sind der Wissenstransfer und die Adaption muʿtazilitischen Denkens durch die jemenitische Zaydiyya bislang kaum erforscht. Al-Ḥasan ar-Raṣṣāṣ (st. 1188) war einer der wichtigsten Protagonisten dieses Prozesses im Jemen des 6./12. Jahrhunderts. Unter seinen zahlreichen Schriften zu naturphilosophischen Fragen findet sich auch ein systematisches Traktat zur Kausalität, welches im vorliegenden Buch umfassend untersucht und kritisch ediert wird. Die Studie gewährt Einblick in ein faszinierendes Kapitel islamischer Geistesgeschichte und analysiert erstmals eine muʿtazilitische Systematik zur Kausalität.

Causation. --- Motazilites --- Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Doctrines. --- Raṣṣāṣ, al-Ḥasan, --- Motazilites - Doctrines --- Causation

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This book examines the modern Arab rediscovery of the Muʿtazila through a critical assessment of the concept of 'Neo-Muʿtazilism' and by concentrating on the various intentions and contexts of the use of Muʿtazilite ideas. The main part of the book analyzes five ways of understanding Mu'tazilite ideas — liberal, historic-materialist, political-Islamic, literary-exegetical and through comparison with the philosophie des valeurs — as well as one way of dealing with the school historically: the treatment of the miḥna . The book discusses a wide range of authors of whom many, such as Aḥmad Amīn, Ḥusain Murūwa, Ḥasan Ḥanafī, Muḥammad ʿAmāra, Naṣr Abū Zaid und Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-Ğābirī, have had an important impact on modern Arab-Islamic thought. By also presenting authors such as Zuhdī Ğārallāh, Chikh Bouamrane, Rašīd al-Ḫayyūn, Amīn Nāyif Ḏiyāb, Samīḥ Duġaim, ʿĀdil al-ʿAwwā und Fahmī Ğadʿān, additional light is shed on a number of lesser known figures.

Islam. --- Moeʻtazilieten. --- Rationalisme. --- Receptie. --- Mutasiliten. --- Rezeption. --- Islamic philosophy. --- Motazilites. --- Rationalism. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Arabic philosophy --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects --- Araber. --- Arabische Staaten. --- Motazilites --- Islamic philosophy --- Rationalism

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Islamic sermons, Arabic --- Motazilites --- Early works to 1800 --- Translations into German --- Doctrines --- Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ, --- -Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects --- -Early works to 1800 --- Wasil ibn 'Ata' --- -Doctrines --- Moutazela --- Arabic Islamic sermons --- Doctrines&delete& --- Wāṣil ibn ʻAṭāʼ, --- Abū Ḥudhayfah Wāṣil ibn ʻAṭāʼ, --- Ghazzāl, Wāṣil ibn ʻAṭāʼ, --- Ibn ʻAṭāʼ, Wāṣil, --- واصل ابن عطاء --- واصل بن عطاء